Iliqidi ye-ammonia iyisimiso esikhulu esincane esincane nesondo esingathi. I-ammonia, njengendlela yezinto ezinhle kakhulu zokuthengisa, ikhona kakhulu. Ngokwezokuthuthukisa ukuthengwa nokugcina, i-ammonia engasindwa kuyinto ekhishwe noma ekhishiwe ukuze kutholakale iliqidi ye-ammonia. I-ammonia iyasolwa kahle endaweni yamanzi futhi iyenza isolwandle esikhulu se-ammonium hydroxide uma isolwa endaweni yamanzi. Ukusolwa kwe-ammonia endaweni yamanzi ngo-20 ℃ kuyisitha 34%. Iliqidi ye-ammonia iyasungulwa kakhulu ekwindustri, kanye iyindawo yokuhlanza kanye nokuhlanza, ngakho-ke inani lomsebenzi wakhe wemithetho yamakhemikhali kakhulu.

Izinkinga Lokusebenzisa

Iliqidi ammonia kuyinto esikhuselekile ekwenzeni i-nitric acid, i-urea, kanye nezinye izithuthi zezilimi, futhi kungaba nokusebenzisa njengemali yomphakathi kwezempilo kanye nezilimi. Ezemvelo yezokuphila, kuyasebenzisa ekwenzeni izinto ezithengiswa njengemali yezempilo kanye nemidlalo. Kuyasebenzisa njengemali yezokwenza i-propellants for rockets kanye nemissiles. Kuyasebenzisa njengemali yezokwenza izinto ezithengiswa njengemali yezempilo yezomnotho kanye nokusebenzisa njengemali yokubeka.

Ukupakisha, ukugcina kanye nokuthuthukiswa.

Yenza ngezinkampani zezintambo zasekhethweni noma izitanki zezintambo. Izingcampani zezintambo noma izitanki zezintambo ezisebenzisa ukuzijabulisa kumele ziqondiswe ngamaphuzu angama-"Gas Cylinder Safety Supervision Regulations" kanye ne-"Pressure Vessel Safety Supervision Regulations" ezivumelana nezimpendulo ezifanele kwezinkampani zezintambo noma izitanki zezintambo. Isilinganiso sokwenza ukuzijabulisa kwezintambo noma izitanki zezintambo kwezinye izinto ezifanele kwezinkampani zezintambo noma izitanki zezintambo ezisebenzisa amonia eliluhlaza kumele ziqondiswe ngamaphuzu angama-"Dangerous Goods Transport Regulations" okwenziwe yiMinyango Yezokuthutha yaseNingizimu Afrika. Ekwenzeni ukuthutha, kumele ziqondiswe ukungena okushisa futhi ukuphoswa kuyaphazamisa. Izingcampani zezintambo kumele ziqashelwe amakhofu okwamanzi kanye nezintambo ziqashelwe ngezintambo zezintambo noma izintambo zezintambo zokuphila ukulimala okukhulu nokuvimbela. Izingcampani zezintambo zokuphila kumele ziqashelwe emakhazeni noma emapulatifomu amathakathi. Ekwenzeni ukugcina ekunyaleni, kumele zisebenzise amakhumbi ukuze ziqashe nokuphinda ukukhanya okukhanyayo. Kuhamba phambili kakhulu ngezokuthutha kanye nezokuthutha.

Izimpawu zokuthakatha

Ukuvuvukala kuyindlela ekhethwe yokwakha. Ukulahlekelwa kwesikhwama sikahlanu kuyisinyathelo esinamandla sokuthola isignali esingcono sokungabikho isikhathi esingakanani. Kodwa, ngenxa yesifo semoyeni, kuyaqinisekisa ukuthola izinkimbinkimbi ezincane zokwakha ngemuva kokuthola isikhathi eside.

Ukungabikwa kwesifo sokuphefumula esiphuzwayo ngokwesilonda sokuphefumula, isifo sokuqala, isifo sasepharinga, isifo sesitrakithi, futhi isifo sesibulali. Umuntu unesikhumba esiswini, ukhala, isputhamu noma ukuvuvukala kwesikhumba, ukunqaba kwesibindi, futhi ukuphila emuva kwezintambo.

Ukuphazamiseka kwesifo sokugcina esikhulu sokuphefumula kwesikhathi esiningi kuyinto ukwenzeka ngenxa yezinto ezithintekile njengokuhl

Ukunyakaza okukhulu kwezindlela zokuphefumula kungase kube nokuphela kwe-laryngeal edema, ukukhetha kwe-glottal, nokuphela kwezinyawo zokuphefumula, okwenza kube nokuphela kwezinyawo zokuphefumula nokuphela kwezinyawo zokuphefumula. Ukunyakaza iziphuzo eziningi kungase kube nokwenza kube nokuphela kwezinyawo zokuphefumula zokuphefumula nokuphela kwezinyawo zokuphefumula.

Izinga elincane kakhulu lamanzi amoniya kungase kwenze ukuphazamisa okukhulu emehlweni kanye nokudubula kwamanzi. Ukudubula kwamanzi noma emehlweni okwenzelwe izinzuzo ezikhulu zokubola izinto.

Ukugxila kwesikhumba kungenzela ukuphuthuma okuphakathi kanye nokubabaza, futhi kungenzela ukuthi kube nokucindezelwa okunjalo kwesikhumba. Isikhumba esicindezelwe kungenziwa kube ngokugcwele kanye nokuncishiswa, kanye nokwenza ukuthi kube nokucindezelwa okuphakathi kwesifo.

High concentration vapor has strong irritant effects on the eyes, causing pain and burns, leading to significant inflammation and possible edema, epithelial tissue damage, corneal opacity, and iris inflammation. Mild cases generally experience relief, while severe cases may persist for a long time and develop complications such as persistent edema, scarring, permanent opacity, eye protrusion, cataracts, eyelid and eyeball adhesions, and blindness. Repeated or continuous exposure to ammonia can lead to conjunctivitis.

4、Izindlela zokwenza okuthile

Uma iphoyisa ikhona kuphela ekuboniseni kwamoniya gasi futhi akukho izimo zokugqoka kwesikhumba noma izimo zokugqoka kwamehlo, akukho okudingekile ukuthatha impucuko. Uma kukhona ukubeka noma ukubeka ngesikhumba samoniya esiluhlaza futhi izimpahla zathathwa, izimpahla kumele zithathwe futhi zihambisane endaweni yezibhokisi ezimbili.

Uma kukhona ukubonisana ngezinyawo noma ukukhala, hlanza ngeamanzi amaningi noma isalini isigaba esingu-20 noma ngaphezulu. Uma kukhona ukukhala kwesibele, uthathe 1-2 imidlalo yomuthi we-0.4% ibuprofen kanye namanzi angaphakathi kanye namanzi. Uma iphoyisa liyisebenzisa izinto zokubeka ezinjalo ezifudumele futhi azilungiselela izintaba, izinto zokubeka ezinjalo zingathathwa.

Hlambisa isikhumba kanye neminwe nge amanzi angaphezulu kwezinyanga ezingu-15. Qaphela ukulinda amehlo akho uma uthenga isikhumba nesimo.

Inhlalakahle kumele kushaywe ngaphandle kwesimo esiswelayo futhi kwenziwe imithetho yesithathu yokuphefumula (ukuphuma kwamanzi, ukuphefumula, ukuphila):

Siphakamisa: Siza ukuthi i-airway ayiphakamiswe ngolimi noma izinto ezithile.

Ukuphefumula: Suka uthi uhlakaniphile uma iphila, uma kungekho ukuphefumula, nika ukuphefumula nge-maski ye-pocket, noma kube yiluphi uhlobo.

Ukuzithutha: Thinta isisu, uma kungekho isisu, qiniseka ukwenza ukulungiswa kwesifo sokuphefumula.

Akukho okuthiwa kuyinto yokwelapha kwesikhwama, kanye nokunikezwa kwemithwalo kufanele kube ngokuhlanganyela.

Uma isilinganiso sokuphazamisa kuyadinga ≥ 500ppm futhi izimo zokugqoka izinkanyezi zomzimba nokuphela kwesifuba kuzojwayelekile, kudinga ukuthi kwenziwe izici ezilandelayo: phinda ushaye i-dexamethasone 5 imizuzwana (ukusetshenziswa kwesitshalo esiqondile), emva kwalokho ushaye ngemizuzwana emibili ngemizuzwana kuya ekhaya kwesibhedlela.

Uma isilinganiso sokuthuthukiswa kuyadinga ≥ 1500ppm, kumele kube nesicelo esiphilayo esithuthukiswe futhi izingxenye ezingu-1.0g zemethilprednisolone noma isilinganiso esibalulekile se-steroids kufakwe ngaphansi kwesicelo esiphilayo. (Nkumbulo: Isenzo sesikotikosteroidi asisathathwa kwiindlela zokwenziwa kwesifo esiphilayo.)

Ukuze izinhlanzi zokuhlanza zibe zingasebenzi, kufanele kwenziwe ukuthi kufunwe umoya ophuzi noma i-oxijini ethulwe. Uma kukhona izimo zokuphila okungase kwenziwe, kufanele kwenziwe ukuthi kufunwe i-oxijini ethulwe. Uma kukhona ukuphila okungase kwenziwe, kufanele kwenziwe ukuthi kufunwe ukwehlisa isikhumba. Uma izimo zokuphila zabantu ezithile azikwenzi ukwehlisa isikhumba, uma izimo zifanele, kufanele kwenziwe ukuthi kufunwe ukwehlisa isikhumulo se-cricoid. Ezinye izinhlanzi ezinamaphulaphula, kufanele kwenziwe ukuthi kufunwe ispreyi ye-bronchodilator, njengoba i-terbutamol. Uma isikhumba sifika ekugcineni nesikhumba, kungase kwenze ukuthi kufanele kwenziwe ukuthi kufunwe ukwehlisa okuthiwa yi-thermal: ukunikezwa okufanele kanye nokwenza izinto zokuphila, ukunikezwa kwamapainkili, ukulungiswa kwesikhumba, futhi ukufaka izinto ezithile ezihlanzekile noma izitayela ezincishisiwe. Uma isikhumba sifika ekugcineni nesikhumba lesikhumba elikhulu, qaphela ukuthi kufanele kwenziwe ukuthi kufunwe ukulungiswa okuphansi.

Izinto ezikhoyo zokugcina imigqa

Izindlela zokwenza i-processing ye-ammonia liquid zihlanganisa ukushaywa kwesihlungu semoya esiphelile, okuyinto izivumelwano zomoya, umoya, kanye ne-ammonia. Phakathi kwazo, i-ammonia iyinhlangano enjalo ekwenza okubi ekugcineni kanye nokuhlanza okwasekuqaleni. Ngakho-ke, kudinga ukukhuthaza ukushaywa kanye nokuvikeleka, okwenza kube nokulingana kanye nokulondoloza indawo.

Kunezindlela zokwenza ukuthola amonia. Igesi ekhishwe kusuka kwi-mashini yokuhlukanisa amonia yamanzi ikhiphizwa ngamapayipi ekusongweni kwi-tower yokucoca (itower ye-absorption) yendlela yokwenza ukuthola. Amonia ethambile nezulu iyacocwa ezweni lamanzi kwi-tower, futhi isihlabathi sicocwa futhi sikhishwa ngaphandle kwe-tower. Emva kwalokho, amonia nabamanzi bakhishwe ngaphansi kwe-tower ye-distillation, futhi amonia iyakhishwa futhi iyacocwa ukuze izwe amonia ethambile. Amonia ethambile iyakhishwa ukuze izwe amonia ethambile, okuyinto ikhishwa futhi ikhishwa ngokuphakamisa ngokuphakamisa ukuze kube yilithiyele eliluhlaza, futhi ekugcineni kufakwa ekhishini lokugcina.

Kwikhambi lokubuyisela amonia, kukhona isango sokuphefumula ekupheleni kwekhanda lokucwila, futhi isilinganiso somthetho we-amonia ekuphumeni kufanele kube phansi kwezidingo zomhlaba. Isistimu sokubuyisela amonia esungulwa ngokushesha phakathi kwamaChengjiang Textile Machinery Factory kanye neNyuvesi yaseNanjing yezokwelapha yamakhemikhali iyindlela yokwenza okuhlanganisiwe yezokucwila kanye nokuphefumula. NgoJanuwari 2000, abasakhi abakhethwe nguChina Textile Machinery Equipment Association babheka ekupheleni kwesikhungo ngenkathi baphinde baphinde bakhonze ukuthi isistimu sokubuyisela amonia isebenzisa okusemqoka "ezimbili ezimnyama kanye nokuphansi" yezokucwila okuphansi, ukucwila okuphansi, ukucwila okuphansi kwamanzi, futhi ukuphefumula okuphansi, okwenza kube nokwengeziwe okuphansi kanye nokuphucula izinkathi zokwenza. Lolu hlobo lusebenza ekupheleni kwekhanda kanye nokuphansi, ngezinkathi ezimnyama kanye nokuphansi, nesici esiningi sokuphepha kanye nokucacisa izindleko zokwenza. Kukhona okuningi okukhulu okukhona kwezitawula (izitawula zokucwila), izitawula zokucwila, izikhumulo, izikhumulo, kanye nezitanki zokugcina amonia.